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The ARPANET, a precursor to the modern internet, was a U.S. Department of Defense project managed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The foundational vision came from J.C.R. Licklider, who, in 1962, wrote memos describing an "Intergalactic Computer Network." In 1966, ARPA hired Lawrence Roberts to manage the project's development.
The network's core technology was packet switching, a concept developed by Leonard Kleinrock, Donald Davies, and Paul Baran. This method breaks data into small blocks, or packets, for more efficient transmission. To connect the computers, ARPA contracted Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) to build the first routers, known as Interface Message Processors (IMPs).
### The First Connection
The first message on the ARPANET was sent on October 29, 1969. From Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA, a message was sent to a computer at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
* The intended message was "LOGIN."
* The system crashed after transmitting the first two letters, "LO."
* This transmission marked the first host-to-host connection.
By December 5, 1969, the initial four-node network was complete, connecting UCLA, SRI, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.
### Growth and New Protocols
A key application quickly emerged. In 1971, Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented network email. By 1972, email constituted 75% of all ARPANET traffic, demonstrating the network's potential for human collaboration.
The original host-to-host protocol, Network Control Protocol (NCP), had limitations. To create a more robust and open network architecture, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn began developing a new standard in 1973. This resulted in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
On January 1, 1983, in an event known as "flag day," the ARPANET officially switched its core networking protocols from NCP to TCP/IP. This transition is widely considered the birth of the modern internet. The ARPANET itself was decommissioned in 1990, its function fully absorbed by the growing network it had created.
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